Written as a satire on war, questioning the pieties spouted patriotically by politicians and generals to urge soldiers on to heroic fighting, this novel was based on the experiences of the author who was a bombardier in a bomber squadron based in Corsica during World War II. The anti-hero is John Yossarian, also a bombardier, whose war-time perch was lying flat in the nose of a B-25 Mitchell bomber, aiming bombs at targets while the plane was piloted over enemy targets enveloped in dangerous flak (anti-aircraft fire).
Mitchell B-25 bomber – about 10,000 were built, 40 are still flying
In another peace-time perch he could also be found naked up a tree at the air-base contemplating who was trying to kill him. He was convinced everyone, most especially the commanding officers and generals, were out to get him. The number of missions to be flown before rotating the airmen back home was continually increased to win laurels for the commanding officers.
The airman could escape the Sisyphean toil of flying ever more bombing missions if he was declared insane. But he could not ask for a mental evaluation to determine whether he was fit to fly, for such an attempt to avoid dangerous missions would prove the airman's sanity, since:
“... concern for one's safety in the face of dangers that were real and immediate was the process of a rational mind.”
That was the Catch-22, a catchphrase that has entered the English language. Catch-22 occurs at points in the novel, to explain a paradox caused by applying a rule; every such problem has a solution which is contradicted by the problem itself.
The novel has lots of repetitions and nobody will say it is elegantly written. It is a collection of episodes with no real story-line to thread its progress. All one can sense is that Yossarian is getting increasingly desperate, and more and more paranoid, seeing enemies everywhere bent on snuffing him out:
"They're trying to kill me," Yossarian told [Clevinger] calmly.
"No one's trying to kill you," Clevinger cried.
"Then why are they shooting at me?" Yossarian asked.
"They're shooting at everyone," Clevinger answered …
As the number of missions keep increasing Yossarian takes evasive action: he alters the line of bombing on maps; he presents himself naked at a medal ceremony; he marches backward; etc. For a generation yet to come of age during the Vietnam War, the novel made eminent sense, justifying evading the military draft, burning draft papers, and even desertion, as being superior to an immoral war. Orr with his survival technique of ditching his plane in the sea and paddling to Sweden in a life-raft with survival techniques he'd practiced becomes the active antidote to Catch-22.
Readers meeting on Zoom for the Catch-22 session